汽车空调小常识

www.qp110.com 来源：互联网 作者：永不放汽..  类别：汽车电器维修 时间：2007-08-19

Automotive Air Conditioning Systems        Today, as we drive our automobiles, a great many of us, can enjoy the same comfort levels that we are accustomed to at home and at work. With the push of a button or the slide of a lever, we make the seamless transition from heating to cooling and back again without ever wondering how this change occurs. That is, unless something goes awry.        Since the advent of the automotive air conditioning system in the 1940's, many things have undergone extensive change. Improvements, such as computerized automatic temperature control (which allow you to set the desired temperature and have the system adjust automatically) and improvements to overall durability, have added complexity to today's modern air conditioning system. Unfortunately, the days of "do-it-yourself" repair to these systems, is almost a thing of the past.        To add to the complications, we now have tough environmental regulations that govern the very simplest of tasks, such as recharging the system with refrigerant R12 commonly referred to as Freon® (Freon is the trade name for the refrigerant R-12, that was manufactured by DuPont). Extensive scientific studies have proven the damaging effects of this refrigerant to our ozone layer, and its manufacture has been banned by the U.S. and many other countries that have joined together to sign the Montreal Protocol, a landmark agreement that was introduced in the 1980's to limit the production and use of chemicals known to deplete the ozone layer.        Now more than ever, your auto mechanic is at the mercy of this new environmental legislation. Not only is he required to be certified to purchase refrigerant and repair your air conditioner, his shop must also incur the cost of purchasing expensive dedicated equipment that insures the capture of these ozone depleting chemicals, should the system be opened up for repair. Simply put, if your mechanic has to spend more to repair your vehicle - he will have to charge you more. Basic knowledge of your air conditioning system is important, as this will allow you to make a more informed decision on your repair options.        Should a major problem arise from your air conditioner, you may encounter new terminology. Words like "retrofit" and "alternative refrigerant" are now in your mechanics glossary. You may be given an option of "retrofitting", as opposed to merely repairing and recharging with Freon. Retrofitting involves making the necessary changes to your system, which will allow it to use the new industry accepted, "environmentally friendly" refrigerant, R -134a . This new refrigerant has a higher operating pressure, therefore, your system, dependant on age, may require larger or more robust parts to counter its inherent high pressure characteristics. This, in some cases, will add significantly to the final cost of the repair. And if not performed properly, may reduce cooling efficiency which equates to higher operating costs and reduced comfort.        Vehicles are found to have primarily three different types of air conditioning systems. While each of the three types differ, the concept and design are very similar to one another. The most common components which make up these automotive systems are the following:        COMPRESSOR, CONDENSER, EVAPORATOR, ORIFICE TUBE, THERMAL EXPANSION VALVE , RECEIVER-DRIER, ACCUMULATOR. Note: if your car has an Orifice tube, it will not have a Thermal Expansion Valve as these two devices serve the same purpose. Also, you will either have a Receiver-Dryer or an Accumulator, but not both.   COMPRESSOR        Commonly referred to as the heart of the system, the compressor is a belt driven pump that is fastened to the engine. It is responsible for compressing and transferring refrigerant gas.        The A/C system is split into two sides, a high pressure side and a low pressure side; defined as discharge and suction. Since the compressor is basically a pump, it must have an intake side and a discharge side. The intake, or suction side, draws in refrigerant gas from the outlet of the evaporator. In some cases it does this via the accumulator.        Once the refrigerant is drawn into the suction side, it is compressed and sent to the condenser, where it can then transfer the heat that is absorbed from the inside of the vehicle.   CONDENSER        This is the area in which heat dissipation occurs. The condenser, in many cases, will have much the same appearance as the radiator in you car as the two have very similar functions. The condenser is designed to radiate heat. Its location is usually in front of the radiator, but in some cases, due to aerodynamic improvements to the body of a vehicle, its location may differ. Condensers must have good air flow anytime the system is in operation. On rear wheel drive vehicles, this is usually accomplished by taking advantage of your existing engine's cooling fan. On front wheel drive vehicles, condenser air flow is supplemented with one or more electric cooling fan(s).        As hot compressed gasses are introduced into the top of the condenser, they are cooled off. As the gas cools, it condenses and exits the bottom of the condenser as a high pressure liquid.       EVAPORATOR        Located inside the vehicle, the evaporator serves as the heat absorption component. The evaporator provides several functions. Its primary duty is to remove heat from the inside of your vehicle. A secondary benefit is dehumidification. As warmer air travels through the aluminum fins of the cooler evaporator coil, the moisture contained in the air condenses on its surface. Dust and pollen passing through stick to its wet surfaces and drain off to the outside. On humid days you may have seen this as water dripping from the bottom of your vehicle. Rest assured this is perfectly normal.        The ideal temperature of the evaporator is 32° Fahrenheit or 0° Celsius. Refrigerant enters the bottom of the evaporator as a low pressure liquid. The warm air passing through the evaporator fins causes the refrigerant to boil (refrigerants have very low boiling points). As the refrigerant begins to boil, it can absorb large amounts of heat. This heat is then carried off with the refrigerant to the outside of the vehicle. Several other components work in conjunction with the evaporator. As mentioned above, the ideal temperature for an evaporator coil is 32° F. Temperature and pressure regulating devices must be used to control its temperature. While there are many variations of devices used, their main functions are the same; keeping pressure in the evaporator low and keeping the evaporator from freezing; A frozen evaporator coil will not absorb as much heat.   PRESSURE REGULATING DEVICES        Controlling the evaporator temperature can be accomplished by controlling refrigerant pressure and flow into the evaporator. Many variations of pressure regulators have been introduced since the 1940's. Listed below, are the most commonly found.   ORIFICE TUBE        The orifice tube, probably the most commonly used, can be found in most GM and Ford models. It is located in the inlet tube of the evaporator, or in the liquid line, somewhere between the outlet of the condenser and the inlet of the evaporator. This point can be found in a properly functioning system by locating the area between the outlet of the condenser and the inlet of the evaporator that suddenly makes the change from hot to cold. You should then see small dimples placed in the line that keep the orifice tube from moving. Most of the orifice tubes in use today measure approximately three inches in length and consist of a small brass tube, surrounded by plastic, and covered with a filter screen at each end. It is not uncommon for these tubes to become clogged with small debris. While inexpensive, usually between three to five dollars, the labor to replace one involves recovering the refrigerant, opening the system up, replacing the orifice tube, evacuating and then recharging. With this in mind, it might make sense to install a larger pre filter in front of the orifice tube to minimize the risk of of this problem reoccurring. Some Ford models have a permanently affixed orifice tube in the liquid line. These can be cut out and replaced with a combination filter/orifice assembly.   THERMAL EXPANSION VALVE        Another common refrigerant regulator is the thermal expansion valve, or TXV. Commonly used on import and aftermarket systems. This type of valve can sense both temperature and pressure, and is very efficient at regulating refrigerant flow to the evaporator. Several variations of this valve are commonly found. Another example of a thermal expansion valve is Chrysler's "H block" type. This type of valve is usually located at the firewall, between the evaporator inlet and outlet tubes and the liquid and suction lines. These types of valves, although efficient, have some disadvantages over orifice tube systems. Like orifice tubes these valves can become clogged with debris, but also have small moving parts that may stick and malfunction due to corrosion.   RECEIVER-DRIER        The receiver-drier is used on the high side of systems that use a thermal expansion valve. This type of metering valve requires liquid refrigerant. To ensure that the valve gets liquid refrigerant, a receiver is used. The primary function of the receiver-drier is to separate gas and liquid. The secondary purpose is to remove moisture and filter out dirt. The receiver-drier usually has a sight glass in the top. This sight glass is often used to charge the system. Under normal operating conditions, vapor bubbles should not be visible in the sight glass. The use of the sight glass to charge the system is not recommended in R -134a systems as cloudiness and oil that has separated from the refrigerant can be mistaken for bubbles. This type of mistake can lead to a dangerous overcharged condition. There are variations of receiver-driers and several different desiccant materials are in use. Some of the moisture removing desiccants found within are not compatible with R -134a . The desiccant type is usually identified on a sticker that is affixed to the receiver-drier. Newer receiver-driers use desiccant type XH-7 and are compatible with both R-12 and R -134a refrigerants.   ACCUMULATOR        Accumulators are used on systems that accommodate an orifice tube to meter refrigerants into the evaporator. It is connected directly to the evaporator outlet and stores excess liquid refrigerant. Introduction of liquid refrigerant into a compressor can do serious damage. Compressors are designed to compress gas not liquid. The chief role of the accumulator is to isolate the compressor from any damaging liquid refrigerant. Accumulators, like receiver-driers, also remove debris and moisture from a system. It is a good idea to replace the accumulator each time the system is opened up for major repair and anytime moisture and/or debris is of concern. Moisture is enemy number one for your A/C system. Moisture in a system mixes with refrigerant and forms a corrosive acid. When in doubt, it may be to your advantage to change the Accumulator or receiver in your system. While this may be a temporary discomfort for your wallet, it is of long term benefit to your air conditioning system.       汽 车 空 调 系 统    一．汽车空调的工作原理        今天，当我们驾驶汽车，行驶在公路上，我们当中的许多人都能够感受到同等的舒适感觉，就像我们非常熟悉的家和办公室一样。您只需要按一个按钮或是拉动控制杆，就可以使温度在冷热之间来回转换。自从十九世纪四十年代，汽车空调系统的诞生，很多事情都发生了前所未有的改变，这总创新就像计算机自动温度控制系统（用户可以设置自己想要的温度或是让系统自动调节所需温度）。其实汽车空调和我们熟悉的家用空调制冷原理是一样的。都是利用R12（由DuPont生产研制出来的）或是R134a压缩释放的瞬间体积急剧膨胀就要吸收大量热能的原理制冷。(由于广大的科学学者已经证明了R12对大气臭氧层的破坏作用，美国已经禁止了这个厂商生产这种制冷剂。还有许多其他国家聚集在一起签订了蒙特利尔协议，在19世纪80年代，达成了一个跨世界的协定，规定禁止生产和使用对臭氧层有危害的化学药品，出于环保的要求发达国家从1996年开始改用R134a做制冷剂)汽车空调的构造和家用的分体空调类似，它的压缩机往往是安装在发动机上，并用皮带驱动（也有直接驱动的），冷凝器安装在汽车散热器的前方，而蒸发器在车里面，工作时从蒸发器出来的低压气态致冷剂流经压缩机变成高压高温气体，经过冷凝器散热管降温冷却变成高压低温的液体，再经过贮液干燥器除湿与缓冲，然后以较稳定的压力和流量流向膨胀阀，经节流和降压最后流向蒸发器。致冷剂一遇低压环境即蒸发，吸收大量热能。车厢内的空气不断流经蒸发器，车厢内温度也就因此降低。液态致冷剂流经蒸发器后再次变成低压气体，又重新被吸入压缩机进行下一次的循环工作。在整个系统中，膨胀阀是控制致冷剂进入蒸发器的机关，致冷剂进入蒸发器太多就不易蒸发而太少冷气又会不够，因此膨胀阀是调节中枢。而压缩机是系统的心脏，系统循环的动力源泉。        尽管汽车空调的空调系统的原理与其它空调系统是相同的，但汽车空调是移动式车载的空调装置，它与固定式空调系统相比，动转条件更恶劣，随汽车行驶的颤振，空调系统的制冷剂比固定式更容易泄漏，空调系统的维修与保养也比固定式频繁，空调装置中风路系统在吸入新风时常常会将尘土吸入，堵塞过滤网及蒸发器，在清洗过程中又往往会把制冷剂泄放到大气中去。造成臭氧层消耗，破坏了环境。   二．汽车空调的组成        汽车空调一般主要由压缩机、电控离合器、冷凝器、蒸发器、膨胀阀、贮液干燥器、管道、冷凝风扇、真空电磁阀、怠速器和控制系统等组成。汽车空调分高压管路和低压管路。高压侧包括压缩机输出侧、高压管路、冷凝器、贮液干燥器和液体管路；低压侧包括蒸发器、积累器、回气管路、压缩机输入侧和压缩机机油池。        贮液干燥器——实际上是一个贮存制冷剂及吸收制冷剂水分、杂质的装置。一方面，它相当于汽车的油箱，为泄露制冷剂多出的空间补充制冷剂。另一方面，它又像空气滤清器那样，过滤掉制冷剂中掺杂的杂质。贮液干燥器中还装有一定的硅胶物质，起到吸收水分的作用。        冷凝器和蒸发器——它们虽然叫法不一样，但结构类似。它们都是在一排弯绕的管道上布满散热用的金属薄片，以此实现外界空气与管道内物质的热交换的装置。冷凝器的冷凝指的是其管道内的制冷剂散热从气态凝成液态。其原理与发动机的散热水箱相近（区别只在于水箱的水一直是液态而已），所以它经常被安装在车头，与水箱一起，共同享受来自前方的习习凉风。总之冷凝器是哪里凉快哪里去，以便其散热冷凝。蒸发器与冷凝器正好相反，它是制冷剂由液态变成气态（即蒸发）吸收热量的场所。       压缩机——是空调制冷系统的心脏，它是一种使制冷剂在系统内循环的动力源。       管道——由于要注入一定压力的制冷剂，所以必须采用金属管道。特别是从压缩机到冷凝器到制冷剂瓶到膨胀阀这段，由于属系统的高压段，所以比其它管道有更高的耐高压要求。       压缩机——顾名思义，压缩机就是起压缩的作用，它的作用是使制冷剂完成从气态到液态的转变过程，达到制冷剂散热凝露的目的。同时在整个空调系统，压缩机还是管路内介质运转的压力源，没有它，系统不仅不制冷而且还失去了运行的动力。   压缩机的分类：        活塞式：活塞式压缩机的结构酷似发动机，有曲轴、连杆、活塞、气缸等，但因为它并不产生能量，所以喷油咀、火花塞等就没有了。长途货动车或大客车因为空间较大，所以体积较大、损耗较小的活塞式压缩机常被使用。        斜盘式：一般的轿车、小型商用车所使用的都是斜盘式压缩机。因为其体积小、质量轻，易于在狭小的发动机室内安装排布，所以广为使用。        虽然结构上有很大的区别，但实际上这两种压缩机都是把来自发动机转动的动能转化成压缩机内活塞的往复运动，并以此对空调系统的管路形成压力，达到压缩制冷剂的目的。        汽车空调不需要如家用空调般每次关机后必须停三几分钟再开，实际上车用空调即使在冬天也应每周开启一下，让各零件得到润滑。另外，隔尘网也应注意检查，如附上太多灰尘则要及时更换。位于车头的冷凝器在每次洗车时最好用高压水枪冲洗，以防散热叶片被杂物（昆虫、树叶等）堵塞影响散热效果。        值得一提的是，压缩机的旋转轴是通过磁性离合器及皮带与发动机曲轴相连取得动力的。为什么要有一个磁性离合器呢？因为当装在蒸发器出风口的传感器感知出风的温度不够低时，它就会通过电路使压缩机的磁性离合器闭合，这样压缩机随发动机运转，实现制冷。而当出风温度低于设定的温度，它则控制磁性离合器切离，这样压缩机不工作。如果这一控制失灵，那么压缩机将不断工作，使蒸发器结冰造成管道压力超标，最终破坏系统甚至造成损坏。        目前大部分小汽车（主要指民用小车）上用的制冷剂有R-12制冷剂和R -134a 制冷剂两种。R-12制冷剂是一种普通制冷剂，含有会破坏臭氧层的物质--氟利昂，而且在明火下会生成对人体有害的物质；而R -134a 是一种新型环保制冷剂，具有无毒、无色、不燃不爆、热稳定性好等性质，更重要的是R -134a 制冷剂不损害臭氧层。        这两种制冷剂的化学结构互不相同，所以在汽车上是不通用的。而且它们配套使用的制冷剂油也不可互溶。如果加错制冷剂会令系统损坏，如对胶管的腐蚀等。R 134a 之所以用来替代R12，是因为其热力性质与R12相似，是一种不含氯的氟利昂，其臭氧破坏系统为零，所以，现在的新车基本都已使用R 134a ，即人们常说的环保制冷剂。   三．汽车空调系统分类（按动力源分）        1．独立式空调：有专门的动力源（如第二台内燃机）驱动整个空调系统的运行。一般用于长途货运、高地板大中巴等车上。独立式空调由于需要两台发动机，燃油消耗高，同时造成较高的成本，并且其维修及维护十分困难，需要十分熟练的发动机维修人员，而且发动机配件不易获得，尤其是进口发动机；另外设计和安装更容易导致系统质量问题的发生，而额外的驱动发动机更增加了发生故障的概率。        2．非独立式空调：直接利用汽车的行驶动力（发动机）来运转的空调系统。非独立式空调由主发动机带动压缩机运转，并由电磁离合器进行控制。接通电源时，离合器断开，压缩机停机，从而调节冷气的供给，达到控制车厢内温度的目的。其优点是结构简单、便于安装布置、噪音小。由于需要消耗主发动机10%-15%的动力，直接影响汽车的加速性能和爬坡能力。同时其制冷量受汽车行驶速度影响，如果汽车停止运行，其空调系统也停止运行。尽管如此，非独立式空调由于其较低的成本（相对独立式空调），可*的质量，已逐渐成为市场的主导产品。目前，绝大部分轿车、面包车、小巴都使用这种空调。目前非独立式空调。   四．汽车空调系统特点        (1)空调装置运行时振动较大        前面已提到汽车空调装置是移动式车载空调装置，由于道路不平，汽车在行驶中颠簸振动大，所以装置中连接管道应采用挠性制冷剂管道。        (2)冷凝器紧靠着发动机的散热器,所以它的冷凝温度往往是低高的,所以其运行工况比其它空调装置恶劣。        (3)汽车空调系统的压缩机是直接由发动机驱动的，它是通过一个皮带驱动机构来实现的。当压缩机不工作时，压缩机可以与发动机脱开，它是通过一个电子离合器来实现的。空调系统停止工作时，应经常检查皮带的松紧，以确定离合器动作是否正确，有时离合器因轴承的损坏而影响压缩机的轴封，造成压缩机轴封处制冷剂泄漏。所以要检查离合器轴承损坏的早期迹象。

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